Everything about The Maximum Sustained Wind totally explained
The
maximum sustained winds of a
tropical cyclone are a common indicator of the intensity of the storm. Unlike
gusts, the value of these winds are determined via their sampling and averaging the sampled results over a period of time. Maximum sustained winds represent the highest winds expected over a one to ten minute time span anywhere within the tropical cyclone, depending upon the basin. In most tropical cyclone basins, they're determined with the use of satellite imagery. Land, ship, and reconnaissance observations are also helpful for determining this quantity, when available.
Definition
Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 10 m (33 ft) for 10 minutes, and then taking the average. However, the U.S.
National Weather Service defines sustained winds by average winds over a period of one minute, measured at the same 10 m (33 ft) height.
Central pressure values are approximate. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.
Determination of value
In most tropical cyclone basins, use of the satellite-based
Dvorak technique is the primary method used to determine a tropical cyclone's maximum sustained winds. The extent of banding and difference in temperature between the eye and eyewall is used within the technique to assign a maximum sustained wind and pressure. Ship and land observations are also used, when available. In the Atlantic as well as the Central and Eastern Pacific basins, reconnaissance aircraft are still utilized to fly through tropical cyclones to determine flight level winds, which can then be adjusted to provide a fairly reliable estimate of maximum sustained winds. Depending upon the atmospheric conditions the tropical cyclone is embedded within, a reduction of 10 to 20 percent of the winds sampled at flight level is used to estimate the maximum sustained winds near the surface, though these values have been known to widely vary.
Doppler weather radar can be used in the same manner to determine surface winds with tropical cyclones near land.
Relationship to tropical cyclone strength scales
In most basins, maximum sustained winds are used to define their category. In the Atlantic and northeast Pacific oceans, the
Saffir-Simpson scale is used. This scale can be used to determine possible storm surge and damage impact on land. In all basins, the category of the tropical cyclone (for example, tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane/typhoon, super typhoon, depression, deep depression, intense tropical cyclone) is determined from the
cyclone's maximum sustained wind. Only in Australia is this quantity not used to define the tropical cyclone's category; in their basin, wind gusts are used.
Further Information
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